Coding errors in calculation systems left Coinbase Ireland's safeguarding account underfunded for 18 months, with daily shortfalls reaching up to €5.2 million in 2024.

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The WEF and BCG report identifies nine policy dimensions, including legal certainty, asset custody, monetary sovereignty, capital flows, and sanctions compliance.

Dubai's Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority issued a circular on October 6, 2026, establishing minimum audit requirements for Virtual Asset Service Provider Reserve Assets.

Dubai's Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority confirmed that appointing an external auditor does not transfer regulatory responsibility for safeguarding client virtual assets from the service provider.

Illinois' proposed crypto regulations would require digital asset brokers to maintain records containing customer cryptocurrency private keys.

The Central Bank of Ireland fined Coinbase Ireland €3.25 million ($3.6 million) for breaching customer fund safeguarding and outsourcing rules between November 2020 and August 2025.

Coinbase stated that no customers suffered financial loss or were unable to access their funds as a result of the safeguarding issues.

Central Bank of Ireland Director of Enforcement Karen O'Leary stated that payment and e-money firms have a fundamental obligation to fully safeguard customers' funds and that the regulator has no tolerance for safeguarding weaknesses.

The Central Bank of Ireland found that Coinbase Ireland relied excessively on its U.S.-based parent group for safeguarding processes without maintaining adequate local oversight framework or expertise.

Coinbase self-reported several safeguarding issues to the Central Bank of Ireland in January 2024 and fully resolved the underlying technical controls by October 2024.

Coinbase Ireland allowed customer funds to be mixed with money belonging to other Coinbase entities, including directing 30 institutional clients to deposit funds into a U.S. Coinbase Inc. account during the 2023 Silvergate banking disruption.

The Central Bank of Ireland had raised governance and oversight concerns with Coinbase Ireland in supervisory letters issued in July 2022 and March 2023.

The Central Bank of Ireland noted that if Coinbase Ireland had become insolvent during the breach period, customers might not have been able to regain their funds promptly.

BitGo received full, unconditional approval for its national trust bank charter on January 29, 2026, shortly after going public on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker BTGO at $18 per share

Approval from the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency would allow Galaxy Digital LP to hold and manage client digital assets and act as a qualified custodian under federal supervision

The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency conditionally approved national trust bank charter applications for Circle, Ripple, Paxos, BitGo, and Fidelity Digital Assets in December 2025

Digital asset prime broker FalconX surpassed a $1 billion valuation before executing its first institutional tri-party custody transaction with a hedge fund

Mainstream decentralized finance lending and trading protocols hold user assets directly in smart contracts rather than using off-chain tri-party custody

BNY expanded its strategic collaboration with Ripple to include XRP custody support, RLUSD custody support, and tokenized trade finance exploration

Stablecoin reserve assets in Canada must be held with a Canadian custodian in bankruptcy-remote accounts that commercial creditors cannot reach

Following OCC approval, reserve arrangements for Ripple's RLUSD stablecoin fall under oversight from both the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the New York Department of Financial Services