Using a 19th-century telegraph required specialized knowledge of Morse code and typically relied on skilled telegraph office operators

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The Bell System actively attempted to prevent MCI from using microwave relay towers for low-cost long-distance telecommunications

Nineteenth-century telegraph messages created a written, preserved physical record at both ends of transmission

Early agricultural telephone networks using barbed wire operated without central switchboards, allowing multiple connected households to hear incoming calls

In the 1970s, the patent for the ENIAC digital computer was invalidated following the Sperry Rand versus Honeywell legal dispute

In the 1880s and 1890s, the Bell Company was headquartered first in Boston and later in New York

Twenty years before Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone, German schoolteacher Philipp Reis constructed a device in Frankfurt using animal membranes to convert sound into electricity

Late 19th-century American farmers constructed independent telephone networks by stringing connections across barbed-wire fencing on the plains

Financier J.P. Morgan orchestrated the corporate consolidation behind the Bell System's nationwide monopoly

The Bell System prohibited customers from attaching third-party privacy acoustic cups designed to create a cone of silence around the telephone mouthpiece

The Bell System opposed third-party gadgets designed to bridge landline telephone calls to mobile radio transceivers in vehicles

Early analog telephones generated operating electrical current directly through the acoustic vibrations of the mouthpiece rather than external power grids

The Second Industrial Revolution was driven by electric power, electric lighting, and electrical telecommunications

The Third Industrial Revolution centered on the development of digital information technologies and digital computing

The First Industrial Revolution was driven by steam-powered and coal-fueled machinery

A working model of Philipp Reis's sound-transmitting device was once offered for sale as an electrical curiosity in Germany

Early commentators envisioned using the telephone to broadcast live performances from concert halls directly into homes

In 1805, the House of Representatives impeached Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase after Chase actively campaigned for Federalist political candidates

Federal lower-court judges represent the class of officials most frequently impeached and convicted throughout United States history

Olivia Wilde's grandfather was a journalist recognized for the maxim 'believe nothing until it is officially denied.'

Marc Chagall donated the Chagall State Hall and its artwork depicting Jewish history and the Bible to the Israeli Knesset