Creatine monohydrate supplementation increases intracellular water retention within skeletal muscle tissue, enhancing muscular force output

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Alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine enhances central cholinergic neurotransmission and can increase the proportion of rapid eye movement sleep when taken prior to sleep

High-dose caffeine administration antagonizes adenosine receptors to transiently restore physical vigor and elevate mood during severe endurance fatigue

Australian swimmer Cam McAvoy modified his training regimen to prioritize maximal strength, calisthenics, and power development over traditional high-volume swimming mileage

Oral creatine monohydrate supplementation at doses of 10 to 20 grams partially mitigates acute cognitive deficits induced by severe sleep deprivation

Maximal pull-up strength strongly correlates with sprinting velocity in competitive freestyle swimming

Short three-second supramaximal isometric holds prior to a heavy lift induce neural priming and enhance subsequent central nervous system motor unit recruitment

Mechanotransduction in heavy resistance training stimulates adaptive structural remodeling that increases the mechanical tensile strength of tendons, ligaments, and connective tissues

A larger muscular strength reserve reduces the percentage of maximal mechanical force an athlete must expend on each repetitive swimming stroke

Ross Edgley completed a full marathon while pulling a full-size car

In a clinical trial on biological aging clocks, combining omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, and strength training produced greater epigenetic age deceleration than omega-3 supplementation alone

Clinical trials show that magnesium glycinate supplementation reduces sleep latency by an average of 17 minutes

L-theanine is an amino acid found in green tea that attenuates caffeine-induced autonomic stimulation without reducing cognitive focus

A standard 1,000-milligram fish oil softgel typically provides roughly 300 milligrams of combined eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

A clinical trial showed that GlyNAC supplementation in older adults improved markers of systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and endothelial function

Supplementation with GlyNAC for 16 weeks in older adults improved muscle mitochondrial function, physical strength, and walking speed

A 16-week trial demonstrated that GlyNAC supplementation in older adults reduced oxidative stress to levels comparable to younger adults

GlyNAC supplementation in older adults reduced cellular senescence and genomic damage markers over a 16-week period

Magnesium oxide possesses low intestinal absorption and acts primarily as an osmotic laxative by pulling water into the digestive tract

A 16-week clinical trial showed that supplementing older adults with glycine and N-acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) restored cellular glutathione levels to concentrations typical of young adults

More than 680 clinical trials with over 12,000 participants have examined creatine since the 1970s