Prescription benefit managers frequently reimburse independent pharmacies at rates lower than the wholesale acquisition costs of medications

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Parallel Bio received approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration to test drug toxicity on human organoids instead of live animal trials

Ignota Labs modifies the molecular structures of shelved drug candidates that failed clinical trials due to organ toxicity to advance them into stage-two trials

CVS Health Corporation owns Caremark, a prescription benefit manager that provides preferential reimbursement to CVS-owned pharmacies

Sterile compounding requires specialized cleanroom facilities to prepare medications that are safe for injection

Standard commercial progesterone formulations often contain peanut oil as an inactive ingredient

Prescription benefit managers were initially established in 1980 alongside the growth of prescription insurance plans

Compounding pharmacies prepare customized medication formulations tailored to individual patient allergies and physiological needs

President Barack Obama appointed former Monsanto attorney Michael Taylor to lead the food safety division at the Food and Drug Administration

Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Burundi have each functioned with only one psychiatrist for the entire country

A 1970s United States federal law reclassified multiple cognitive and psychedelic compounds overnight under controlled substance schedules

Adderall is composed of a pharmaceutical mixture of four distinct amphetamine salts

Methamphetamine is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration under the brand name Desoxyn for ADHD and obesity

The United States Food and Drug Administration banned the dietary supplement stimulant DMAA in 2013 due to cardiovascular risks

Modafinil is classified as a Schedule IV controlled substance under United States federal drug regulations

Selegiline, also known as Deprenyl, is an MAO inhibitor originally approved as a prescription drug for Parkinson's disease

The United States Food and Drug Administration removed picamilon from the dietary supplement market in 2015

The United States Food and Drug Administration banned ephedrine from dietary supplements in 2004

Ephedrine remains legally available behind pharmacy counters in the United States without a prescription for nasal congestion and asthma

Tianeptine is an antidepressant in Europe that binds to opioid receptors at elevated dosages

Adderall is classified as a Schedule II controlled substance in the United States