Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin warned on October 7, 2026, that AI-driven mathematical research has a good chance of significantly weakening lattice-based cryptography within two years

Whether quantum computers could break the cryptography securing Bitcoin and other blockchains, and how networks plan to migrate before that day.

Mathematical foundations of blockchains: hash functions, digital signatures, and encryption schemes that secure transactions, wallets, and consensus.