Aptos validators agree on transaction block ordering in the mempool while blind to transaction contents, collectively decrypting payloads only after consensus finalizes the block.

Overview Debates Related claims Topics Sources

Google Quantum AI white papers estimated in March 2026 that breaking Bitcoin's elliptic curve cryptography would require 1,200 to 1,450 logical qubits or under 500,000 physical qubits

Solana scheduled an upgrade to replace the network's legacy Tower BFT consensus mechanism on Wednesday, October 21, 2026

Solana's October 2026 upgrade replaces on-chain vote transactions with direct validator-to-validator certificate bundling

Algorand's post-quantum cryptography strategy requires delivering deployed network upgrades that institutional participants can evaluate.

Algorand CEO William Herkelrath established strengthening the network's post-quantum cryptography capabilities as a core pillar of his strategic brief.

Starknet derives each Shadow Account address from user-specific data, the selected application, and a unique identifier known as a nonce.

Pirate Chain enforces mandatory zk-SNARKs privacy shielding across 100% of its network transactions

Starknet already utilizes hash-based STARK proofs and native account abstraction, enabling accounts to adopt post-quantum signatures without requiring a protocol upgrade

StarkWare unveiled a three-phase post-quantum roadmap for Starknet in June 2026, covering signature upgrades, smart-contract migration, and replacing Ethereum-dependent cryptography

The OpenTimestamps protocol enables the appending of arbitrary digital data to a Bitcoin transaction in the form of a SHA-256 hash

Bitcoin currently verifies digital transaction signatures using the classical cryptographic algorithms ECDSA and Schnorr, which existing non-quantum computers are unable to reverse-engineer

Coinbase recommended that post-quantum Bitcoin software evaluations prioritize implementations that avoid timing leaks, run reliably across platforms, and remain secure if random-number generators fail

The Alpenglow upgrade scheduled for October 21, 2026 replaces TowerBFT, the consensus mechanism used by Solana since its 2020 launch, with a new consensus mechanism named Votor

During the October 21, 2026 Alpenglow migration, Solana will operate under its legacy voting system for the first 5,000 slots before transitioning to Alpenglow approximately 18 minutes later

Under the Alpenglow upgrade scheduled for October 21, 2026, Solana validators exchange votes directly off-chain and aggregate approvals into a certificate that finalizes blocks after one or two voting rounds

Coinbase recommends selecting post-quantum signature schemes that are compatible with multi-party computation to protect institutional custody infrastructure against key theft

Prior to the Alpenglow upgrade scheduled for October 21, 2026, Solana validators submit voting approvals as transactions recorded directly on the blockchain

A cryptographically relevant quantum computer could reverse-engineer private keys from exposed public keys on the Bitcoin network and drain vulnerable wallets

If Bitcoin supports stateful post-quantum signature schemes, Coinbase recommends it must also offer stateless options to prevent key-reuse errors that could lead to signature forgery

Coinbase recommends flexible post-quantum output designs, such as P2MR (BIP-360) and P2TRv2, that separate the transaction container from the signature scheme