Protocol logic exploits accounted for 28% of flash loan losses between February 2020 and January 2022, but rose to 55% of losses between February 2022 and July 2024 as attackers shifted away from price feed manipulation.

Financial services rebuilt as onchain protocols, offering lending, trading, derivatives and yield without traditional intermediaries.

smart contracts is a thematic concept used to connect books that discuss this part of the cryptocurrency ecosystem.