The upcoming November whitepaper will examine technical requirements for consensus, data availability, validator responsibilities, and validator economic security without relying on Ethereum's base layer.

Rules by which distributed networks agree on a shared ledger, from proof of work mining to proof of stake validation, trading off security, energy use, and decentralization.

Assurance that the data behind blockchain transactions is published and retrievable so anyone can verify the chain, a core bottleneck for scaling rollups.