Under MiCA rules, unlicensed crypto companies had to wind down their European Union businesses starting July 1, 2026, serving existing customers only to help them transfer or sell their crypto holdings.

How governments worldwide set rules for digital assets through legislation, agency rulemaking, licensing regimes and court fights.

Comprehensive legal regimes for digital assets, such as the EU's MiCA and proposed US market-structure bills, defining how tokens are issued, traded, and supervised.