Under a third capital model proposed by ASIC, digital asset platforms face activity-based additions including A$500,000 for acting as agent, A$750,000 for running neutral venues, and A$1 million for principal trading

Comprehensive legal regimes for digital assets, such as the EU's MiCA and proposed US market-structure bills, defining how tokens are issued, traded, and supervised.

Licensing, custody, and market-conduct rules for platforms where people trade digital assets, shaped by collapses like FTX and jurisdictional disputes between regulators.