Central Bank of Ireland Director of Enforcement Karen O'Leary stated that payment and e-money firms have a fundamental obligation to fully safeguard customers' funds and that the regulator has no tolerance for safeguarding weaknesses.

How governments worldwide set rules for digital assets through legislation, agency rulemaking, licensing regimes and court fights.

Rules for who may hold digital assets on behalf of others and how, covering qualified custodians, banking charters, and the accounting treatment of custodied crypto.