Equity perpetual futures are classified as security futures products, requiring exchanges to hold a Commodity Futures Trading Commission contract market registration and a notice registration with the Securities and Exchange Commission

How governments worldwide set rules for digital assets through legislation, agency rulemaking, licensing regimes and court fights.

Futures, options, and perpetual swaps tied to digital-asset prices, letting traders hedge or lever positions and often dwarfing spot volumes.

Ongoing legal fight over which digital assets count as securities under investor-protection law and which are commodities, determining whether the SEC or CFTC oversees them.