Google Quantum AI white papers estimated in March 2026 that breaking Bitcoin's elliptic curve cryptography would require 1,200 to 1,450 logical qubits or under 500,000 physical qubits

The first and largest cryptocurrency, spanning its price and adoption, mining, protocol politics, and its contested role as digital money and inflation hedge.

Mathematical foundations of blockchains: hash functions, digital signatures, and encryption schemes that secure transactions, wallets, and consensus.