Following the central bank's authorization of crypto derivatives in spring 2025, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed legislation on August 4, 2026, establishing a comprehensive cryptocurrency framework that took effect September 1, 2026

How governments worldwide set rules for digital assets through legislation, agency rulemaking, licensing regimes and court fights.

Digital assets that run on blockchains rather than banks, from Bitcoin and Ethereum to thousands of smaller tokens.

Comprehensive legal regimes for digital assets, such as the EU's MiCA and proposed US market-structure bills, defining how tokens are issued, traded, and supervised.