Solana activated its Alpenglow consensus upgrade prior to the integration, reducing transaction finality time from approximately 12.8 seconds to 150 milliseconds.

Approaches to processing more transactions without sacrificing security or decentralization, spanning rollups, sharding, data compression, and faster consensus designs.

Rules by which distributed networks agree on a shared ledger, from proof of work mining to proof of stake validation, trading off security, energy use, and decentralization.