The Bank of Russia established qualification and document requirements for cryptocurrency exchanges and depositories that took effect on October 5, 2026

Comprehensive legal regimes for digital assets, such as the EU's MiCA and proposed US market-structure bills, defining how tokens are issued, traded, and supervised.

Licensing, custody, and market-conduct rules for platforms where people trade digital assets, shaped by collapses like FTX and jurisdictional disputes between regulators.

Rules for who may hold digital assets on behalf of others and how, covering qualified custodians, banking charters, and the accounting treatment of custodied crypto.