Ethereum's Glamsterdam upgrade introduces enshrined proposer-builder separation (ePBS) via EIP-7732, moving the division of labor between block proposers and builders directly into Ethereum's consensus protocol

The largest smart-contract blockchain and its native asset ETH, covering protocol upgrades, staking, fee economics and institutional adoption.

Rules by which distributed networks agree on a shared ledger, from proof of work mining to proof of stake validation, trading off security, energy use, and decentralization.