Aptos reported that the Encrypted Mempool's batched threshold-encryption system added approximately 20 milliseconds of latency per block in benchmark tests involving 50 validator nodes

Overview Debates Related claims Topics Sources

Google Quantum AI white papers estimated in March 2026 that breaking Bitcoin's elliptic curve cryptography would require 1,200 to 1,450 logical qubits or under 500,000 physical qubits

Algorand's post-quantum cryptography strategy requires delivering deployed network upgrades that institutional participants can evaluate.

Algorand CEO William Herkelrath established strengthening the network's post-quantum cryptography capabilities as a core pillar of his strategic brief.

Starknet derives each Shadow Account address from user-specific data, the selected application, and a unique identifier known as a nonce.

Pirate Chain enforces mandatory zk-SNARKs privacy shielding across 100% of its network transactions

Starknet already utilizes hash-based STARK proofs and native account abstraction, enabling accounts to adopt post-quantum signatures without requiring a protocol upgrade

StarkWare unveiled a three-phase post-quantum roadmap for Starknet in June 2026, covering signature upgrades, smart-contract migration, and replacing Ethereum-dependent cryptography

The OpenTimestamps protocol enables the appending of arbitrary digital data to a Bitcoin transaction in the form of a SHA-256 hash

Bitcoin currently verifies digital transaction signatures using the classical cryptographic algorithms ECDSA and Schnorr, which existing non-quantum computers are unable to reverse-engineer

Coinbase recommended that post-quantum Bitcoin software evaluations prioritize implementations that avoid timing leaks, run reliably across platforms, and remain secure if random-number generators fail

Coinbase recommends selecting post-quantum signature schemes that are compatible with multi-party computation to protect institutional custody infrastructure against key theft

A cryptographically relevant quantum computer could reverse-engineer private keys from exposed public keys on the Bitcoin network and drain vulnerable wallets

If Bitcoin supports stateful post-quantum signature schemes, Coinbase recommends it must also offer stateless options to prevent key-reuse errors that could lead to signature forgery

Coinbase recommends flexible post-quantum output designs, such as P2MR (BIP-360) and P2TRv2, that separate the transaction container from the signature scheme

Aptos' encrypted mempool uses client-side threshold encryption where transactions are encrypted on the user's device before submission using a key generated by validators per epoch.

Decryption of pending transactions on Aptos requires a stake-weighted threshold majority of existing validators specified under Aptos Improvement Proposal AIP-144.

Aptos activated its optional Encrypted Mempool feature on mainnet on October 12, 2026, allowing users to conceal pending transaction details prior to execution.

Aptos validators agree on transaction block ordering in the mempool while blind to transaction contents, collectively decrypting payloads only after consensus finalizes the block.

Aptos' encrypted mempool conceals transaction functions and arguments before finalization while keeping sender addresses and network fees visible.

Aptos' Encrypted Mempool implementation underwent an independent security review by ZKSecurity before the feature's mainnet launch