The Central Bank of Ireland fined Coinbase Ireland €3.25 million ($3.6 million) for breaching customer fund safeguarding and outsourcing rules between November 2020 and August 2025.

How governments worldwide set rules for digital assets through legislation, agency rulemaking, licensing regimes and court fights.

Lawsuits, settlements and criminal cases brought by regulators and prosecutors against crypto firms and individuals.

Rules for who may hold digital assets on behalf of others and how, covering qualified custodians, banking charters, and the accounting treatment of custodied crypto.