Rapid recovery of cotton export prices following the Panic of 1857 strengthened southern planters' belief in the economic stability of slavery

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In March 1858, South Carolina Senator James Henry Hammond delivered his 'Cotton is King' speech in the United States Senate in response to the Panic of 1857

The Texas legislature removed Sam Houston from the governorship on the eve of the Civil War after Houston refused to swear allegiance to the Confederacy

Since the American Civil War, the United States president's political party has lost congressional seats in all midterm elections except four

Abraham Lincoln nominated five justices to the Supreme Court as a member of the Union Party

Justice John Archibald Campbell of Alabama was the sole Supreme Court justice from a seceded state to resign during the Civil War

John Archibald Campbell served as Assistant Secretary of War for the Confederate States of America

During the American Civil War, Union forces utilized rifled cannon to breach Fort Pulaski in Savannah, Georgia, within 48 hours

Following the American Civil War, large numbers of white women in the United States entered the public workforce

Prior to the American Civil War, incarceration facilities in the United States primarily held white men

Prior to the American Civil War, detention and punishment for women and people of color were largely administered through the nuclear family or enslavers

Members of the United States Congress physically attacked other congressional members on the floor of Congress 65 times during the Civil War era

President Abraham Lincoln rescinded General Ulysses S. Grant's 1862 order expelling Jewish residents from Paducah, Kentucky

In 1862, Union General Ulysses S. Grant issued General Order No. 11 expelling Jewish people from Paducah, Kentucky

Men during the American Civil War weighed around 130 pounds on average

During the Civil War, Chester A. Arthur served as a quartermaster based in New York.

By the end of the Civil War, Ulysses S. Grant was the commanding general of the Union Army.

Ulysses S. Grant and General William Tecumseh Sherman viewed the Confederates as traitors.

During the Civil War, New England manufacturers of plantation goods found a new market supplying the Union Army.

The mobilization of the Union Army created a large demand for low-quality cloth, shoes, and hats.

Textiles previously sold as 'Negro cloth' were repurposed and sold to the U.S. Army as 'infantryman blue'.