On the cognitive reflection test algae pond problem, where algae doubling daily covers a pond in 48 days, the pond is half-covered on day 47

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A player performing one step of strategic reasoning in the two-thirds of the average game chooses 33 based on the assumption that others choose 50 on average

In large-scale iterations of the two-thirds of the average game, choices of 33 and 22 appear far more frequently than choices of 1 or 0

Time discounting experiments evaluate intertemporal preferences by offering subjects choices between smaller immediate monetary rewards and larger delayed rewards

Strategic reasoning depth in cognitive hierarchy games correlates positively with individual working memory capacity

Level-zero players in cognitive hierarchy models make non-strategic decisions, such as picking random, salient, or lucky numbers

In the 11-20 game, players choose an integer between 11 and 20, winning their chosen amount plus a bonus of 20 if their choice is one below their opponent's

Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman introduced the concept of framing effects, where logically equivalent representations of an event alter decision-making

In a study by Eric Johnson, asking individuals their likelihood of surviving to age 75 produced probability estimates that did not sum to 100% with mortality likelihood estimates

The neural autopilot model posits that habit mode relies on retrieving the previous action and its absolute reward prediction error rather than re-evaluating options

In the two-thirds of the average game, participants pick numbers from 0 to 100, and the winner is whoever is closest to two-thirds of the average chosen number

Action slips occur when an individual automatically executes habitual routines despite environmental changes requiring conscious intervention

Anthropomorphism is the tendency to attribute humanlike emotional and cognitive characteristics to nonhuman entities, including animals and artificial intelligence

The cognitive reflection test includes brain teasers, such as the algae pond problem and the bat-and-ball problem, that test impulse override against deliberate reflection

Auditory cues played during specific non-conscious sleep stages increase waking valuations of corresponding snack foods by approximately 10%

A player performing two steps of strategic reasoning in the two-thirds of the average game chooses 22

Episodic future thinking, which involves mentally projecting specific personal future events, increases patience and reduces monetary discount rates in intertemporal choice tasks

Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies demonstrate that subjects performing two steps of strategic thinking in the two-thirds of the average game exhibit elevated mentalizing circuit activity

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity increases when individuals successfully resist immediate dietary temptations in favor of health considerations

Howard Gardner formulated the theory of multiple intelligences to categorize diverse modalities of human cognitive ability

In a Journal of Neuroscience study, neuroanatomical differences in attention and visual perception regions were present among older expert birdwatchers compared to beginners