The alternative strategy, associated with Dmitry Medvedev, is to adopt Nikita Khrushchev's 1950s policy of terrifying the West with threats

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Novaya Gazeta investigative journalist Anna Politkovskaya was murdered in 2006 after documenting Russian war crimes in the North Caucasus

Russian independent newspaper Novaya Gazeta announced its closure in late 2026 under pressure from Russian state security services

Novaya Gazeta investigations editor and Russian parliament member Yuri Shchekochikhin died of poisoning in 2003

Russian authorities designated Novaya Gazeta an undesirable organization or foreign agent in September 2026

Following World War II, the United States established a standing armaments industry utilizing private corporations rather than relying solely on government-run arsenals

Following the Cold War, the United States defense industrial base consolidated into five prime contractors: Lockheed Martin, RTX, General Dynamics, Northrop Grumman, and Boeing

During the April 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion, President John F. Kennedy refused to authorize the deployment of United States air power to support the exile force

In April 1961, approximately 1,400 CIA-trained Cuban exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro's government

During the Cuban Missile Crisis, President John F. Kennedy implemented a naval quarantine of Cuba rather than ordering an immediate military strike or invasion

On October 27, 1962, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, a United States U-2 reconnaissance aircraft was shot down over Cuba, resulting in the death of pilot Major Rudolf Anderson

On October 27, 1962, United States Navy surface ships dropped depth charges near Soviet submarine B-59 in the Atlantic

President John F. Kennedy established the Executive Committee of the National Security Council (EXCOMM) in October 1962 to manage the Cuban Missile Crisis

On the morning of October 27, 1962, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev sent a second letter requiring the United States to withdraw American missiles from Turkey in exchange for removing Soviet missiles from Cuba

On October 16, 1962, National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy presented President John F. Kennedy with U-2 aerial photographs showing Soviet nuclear missile construction in Cuba

Soviet submarine B-59 officer Vasily Arkhipov refused to authorize the launch of a 15-kiloton nuclear torpedo against United States forces on October 27, 1962

The operation to invade Cuba at the Bay of Pigs was originally developed under President Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration

On October 26, 1962, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev sent a letter to President John F. Kennedy proposing to withdraw Soviet missiles from Cuba if the United States pledged not to invade Cuba

The resolution of the Cuban Missile Crisis included a secret agreement that the United States would withdraw its nuclear missiles stationed in Turkey

Operation Mongoose was a covert United States initiative overseen by Robert F. Kennedy designed to remove Fidel Castro from power in Cuba

United States covert plans against Fidel Castro under Operation Mongoose included proposals to use poisoned cigars