Suppression or damage to the temporoparietal junction causes individuals to lose the ability to differentiate the self from the environment

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The anterior midcingulate cortex increases in physical size when individuals consistently engage in difficult, effortful tasks

The anterior midcingulate cortex shrinks in physical size when individuals consistently avoid challenging or effortful tasks

Stanford neurosurgeon Dr. Josef Parvizi demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the human anterior midcingulate cortex evokes a subjective feeling of an impending challenge combined with a resolve to fight it

The anterior midcingulate cortex receives neural inputs and sends outputs to the amygdala, memory centers, and the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway

The mammalian prefrontal cortex mediates top-down control over subcortical structures to support conscious strategy execution and competitive persistence

The brain's temporoparietal junction enables humans to distinguish physical boundaries between the self and external objects

Deactivation of the temporoparietal junction can trigger out-of-body experiences and the doppelgänger effect

Neuroimaging studies of trance mediums show their brains process mediumship voices as external acoustic speech rather than internal silent speech

Consciousness is likely an emergent property of the physics and chemistry within the human brain

The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) are also referred to as the "footprints of consciousness" in the brain

In the early 1990s, Francis Crick and Dr. Christof Koch initiated a program to identify the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC)

Identifying the neural correlates of consciousness could help determine when consciousness begins in a fetus

Psychedelics can induce states where an individual's sense of self is completely lost

During his near-death experience, Dr. Christof Koch perceived no space, time, or sense of self, which is known as a non-dual experience

Dr. Christof Koch worked with Nobel laureate Francis Crick for 14 years on consciousness

High-dose psychedelics can induce an experience of 'ego dissolution,' or consciousness without a sense of self

A theory by Antonio Damasio suggests consciousness originates with feelings in the brainstem, not thoughts in the cortex

The ego functions as a defensive structure, creating separation between an individual and others

Meditation can also lead to experiences of transcending the sense of ego

Neuroscientist Christof Koch concluded after an ayahuasca experience that consciousness exists outside of the brain