Adderall is composed of a pharmaceutical mixture of four distinct amphetamine salts

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Soviet researchers developed phenylpiracetam in 1983 as a racetam derivative with stimulant properties for cosmonauts

Hydergine is an ergot-derived prescription medication historically used for cognitive enhancement

A 1970s United States federal law reclassified multiple cognitive and psychedelic compounds overnight under controlled substance schedules

The United States Air Force administers modafinil to military pilots undergoing flight missions lasting up to 30 hours

Corneliu Giurgea coined the pharmacological term nootropic in 1972 using Greek roots meaning mind and bending

Vinpocetine is an alkaloid extract of the periwinkle plant used to enhance cerebral blood flow

Modafinil was originally developed and approved as a prescription medication to treat narcolepsy

Methamphetamine is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration under the brand name Desoxyn for ADHD and obesity

Modafinil has an elimination half-life of 10 to 15 hours in the human body

The ECA supplement stack historically formulated for fat burning combined ephedrine, caffeine, and aspirin

The United States Food and Drug Administration banned the dietary supplement stimulant DMAA in 2013 due to cardiovascular risks

The International Olympic Committee banned bromantane after Russian athletes tested positive for the compound at the 1996 Olympic Games

Modafinil is classified as a Schedule IV controlled substance under United States federal drug regulations

Selegiline, also known as Deprenyl, is an MAO inhibitor originally approved as a prescription drug for Parkinson's disease

Ephedrine stimulates the release of norepinephrine, inducing increased alertness and elevated body temperature within approximately 30 minutes

The United States Food and Drug Administration removed picamilon from the dietary supplement market in 2015

The United States Food and Drug Administration banned ephedrine from dietary supplements in 2004

Ephedrine is naturally derived from the plant Ephedra sinica, used in traditional Chinese medicine as Ma Huang

The World Anti-Doping Agency bans phenylpiracetam as a performance-enhancing stimulant in competitive athletics

Ephedrine remains legally available behind pharmacy counters in the United States without a prescription for nasal congestion and asthma