Denisovans are an extinct human lineage first identified from DNA in a finger bone found in Denisova cave, Russia

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Neurobiological research by Dr. Lindsay Schwarz demonstrates that specific midline thalamic circuits regulate behavioral switches between forward engagement, freezing, and retreat in response to predatory threats

The mammalian hypothalamus contains primitive neural circuits that govern fundamental instinctive drives including mating, feeding, fighting, and fleeing

Silencing specific prefrontal cortical neural circuits in mice causes previously dominant mice to lose territory battles in the rodent tube test

Experimental optogenetic or electrical activation of prefrontal cortical circuits in mice transforms previously subordinate mice into persistent winners in the tube test

Neurosurgical patients self-stimulating the midline thalamus in Dr. Robert Heath's studies reported feelings of mild frustration and anger that they experienced as highly arousing and motivating

Acute painful stressors trigger the release of epinephrine in the peripheral nervous system and norepinephrine from the locus coeruleus in the brain

Testing shows human blood chemistry during the nocturnal waking period of biphasic sleep exhibits hormone levels similar to a lactating mother

In clinical neurosurgical experiments conducted by Dr. Robert Heath, patients with implanted intracranial electrodes most frequently chose to self-stimulate regions of the midline thalamus

In northern Scotland's Pentland Firth, tidal currents can reach speeds of up to 10 knots

Deciduous trees produce their spring buds before their autumn leaves drop off

The University of Iceland partnered with Ross Edgley during his Iceland swim to collect environmental DNA samples to track marine biodiversity

Deciduous trees shed their leaves in winter to conserve energy

When a rabbit runs, its flashing white tail acts as a danger signal that prompts other rabbits to flee

A hibernating dormouse can lower its body temperature to four degrees Celsius

Swimming or fleeing rapidly away from apex predatory sharks triggers predatory pursuit behavior by signaling vulnerability

Sharks utilize specialized electroreceptors called the ampullae of Lorenzini to detect minute electrical fields emitted by living organisms

Cuttlefish maintain wide panoramic visual fields when scanning for predators but translocate their eyes forward to engage stereoscopic binocular vision when hunting prey

Fossil evidence shows that Neanderthals possessed an average cranial capacity equal to or larger than that of modern humans

Homo floresiensis is an extinct species of small-bodied archaic human discovered on the Indonesian island of Flores in 2003

Phthalates are chemical compounds widely utilized as industrial plasticizers to enhance the flexibility and durability of plastic products