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Kurt Gödel used Peano arithmetic to emulate formal logical languages within arithmetic

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Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead wrote Principia Mathematica to ground mathematics in formal symbolic logic and eliminate set-theoretic contradictions

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The Church-Turing thesis establishes that any universal computer can emulate any other computer

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L.E.J. Brouwer formulated mathematical intuitionism, proposing that mathematical validity requires constructive finite procedures rather than non-constructive axioms

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Computer algebra systems construct mathematical operations and geometry out of discrete state transitions across binary automata

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Kurt Gödel proved that axiomatic formal systems contain self-referential statements that cannot be resolved without redefining the formal language

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Leonardo de Moura initially favored higher-order logic and simple type theory for Lean due to the minimalistic design of HOL Light

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Simple type theory struggles to express the complex axiomatic networks of algebraic structures found in modern abstract mathematics

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An interactive theorem prover contains a logical foundation and a checker program known as a kernel that verifies adherence to that foundation