In rodent laboratory conditioning models, rats trained to press a lever for cocaine resume lever-pressing behavior upon receiving a painful foot shock after behavioral extinction

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In rodent laboratory studies, chocolate consumption increases dopamine firing by 55 percent above baseline

In rodent laboratory studies, sexual activity increases dopamine firing by 100 percent above baseline

In rodent laboratory studies, nicotine consumption increases dopamine firing by 150 percent above baseline

In human neuroimaging studies of Pac-Man gameplay, the periaqueductal gray activates intensely when the player faces imminent capture by an in-game ghost enemy

In rodent laboratory studies, methamphetamine administration increases dopamine firing by 1,000 percent above baseline

In animal learning psychology, secondary reinforcement occurs when a stimulus that reliably predicts a primary reward acquires rewarding value itself

In a laboratory experiment, fenugreek encapsulated approximately 80 to 85 percent of microplastics present in water

In a study evaluating recorded partner conversations, participants with positive world beliefs rated their partner as more supportive than objective observers or the partner did

In Paul Eastwick's speed dating studies, men accepted second dates with approximately 50 percent of the women they met

In Paul Eastwick's speed dating studies, women accepted second dates with approximately 35 percent of the men they met

Reducing the prevalence of politically like-minded content in user feeds during the 2020 US presidential election had no measurable effect on affective polarization, ideological extremity, candidate evaluations, or belief in false claims

Experimental algorithmic modifications across a three-month period during the 2020 US election produced no detectable changes in participants' political attitudes

Researchers in the 2020 Facebook and Instagram Election Research Study implemented experimental conditions testing reverse-chronological feeds, the removal of reshared content, and reductions in politically like-minded content

Meditation trains practitioners to observe habitual mental urges without being forced into reactive behavior

A five-year randomized hail-suppression study conducted in Switzerland demonstrated that cloud seeding caused no statistically significant reduction in hailstone size or damage

The self-explanation effect refers to coming to understand a concept better by attempting to explain that concept to oneself or another person

The self-explanation effect can occur without receiving new information from the external world

Children in the University of Wisconsin Clifford study drew narrow morals such as being kind specifically to three-legged dogs

Prompting children to explain character actions in stories helps children identify broader moral themes rather than hyper-specific lessons

In a University of Wisconsin study using a Clifford the Big Red Dog story, children failed to extract the intended broad moral about inclusion