UN Secretary-General António Guterres and aid group Oxfam warned that the withdrawal of peacekeepers from the UN's Western Sahara mission, Minurso, increases the risk of escalation and renewed hostilities in Western Sahara

Efforts by international actors to prevent armed conflict from starting, contain it once underway, and support post-conflict stabilization. Encompasses military deployments, ceasefire monitoring, civilian protection, and political mediation — a central function of multilateral security architecture.