Developing countries should be allowed to increase fossil-fuel use to reduce poverty

Long-term shifts in Earth's climate driven by greenhouse-gas emissions and the global response.

How the world produces, moves, and consumes energy across fossil, nuclear, and renewable sources.

Government and intergovernmental decisions on limiting greenhouse-gas emissions, adapting to climate impacts and financing the transition, including international negotiations, scientific assessment processes and national targets.

Processes and policies aimed at improving economic and social conditions in lower-income countries.

The study of how economic systems interact with ecological limits and natural-resource constraints.

Policies, programs, and investments aimed at raising living standards and reducing deprivation for populations in low-income contexts. Pursued through development finance, social protection, infrastructure investment, and governance reform — a defining mandate of multilateral development institutions.