The defeat of both the US-drafted and Russian-drafted resolutions left MINURSO without a mandate, marking an unprecedented standoff after 35 years of continuous UN peacekeeping operations in Western Sahara

Efforts by international actors to prevent armed conflict from starting, contain it once underway, and support post-conflict stabilization. Encompasses military deployments, ceasefire monitoring, civilian protection, and political mediation — a central function of multilateral security architecture.