The Mecca Joint Defence Agreement strengthens Saudi Arabia’s security without replacing its existing alliances

Turkey expressed readiness to meet Saudi Arabia's technical military requirements following Houthi attacks under the trilateral Mecca Joint Defence Agreement, which includes Pakistan and treats an armed attack on one signatory as an attack on all three. Neither Turkey nor Pakistan has announced a combat deployment, and the agreement's collective-defence provision has not produced one; Turkey offered technical assistance while Pakistan said discussions had not taken place concerning a military response, leaving the agreement's practical application and the extent of their obligations unresolved.