Neighbouring countries should resist U.S. secondary sanctions against Iranian civilian aviation

Study and practice of how sovereign states, international institutions, and non-state actors interact across borders. Encompasses diplomacy, negotiation, alliances, and conflict — the foundational domain through which global order is constructed, contested, and maintained.

Diplomatic, economic, and military relations between the United States and Iran, including negotiations, sanctions, and regional tensions within the wider geopolitics shaping the global order.

The UAE suspended Iranian airline services indefinitely, while operations to several other regional destinations were reportedly halted following the U.S. secondary-sanctions deadline. Iranian airlines continued serving some international routes, making this a substantial regional restriction rather than a complete global grounding.