High-income countries should compensate low-income countries for irreversible climate damage

Long-term shifts in Earth's climate driven by greenhouse-gas emissions and the global response.

Government and intergovernmental decisions on limiting greenhouse-gas emissions, adapting to climate impacts and financing the transition, including international negotiations, scientific assessment processes and national targets.

Processes and policies aimed at improving economic and social conditions in lower-income countries.

The study of how economic systems interact with ecological limits and natural-resource constraints.