Foreign companies that enable sanctioned Iranian airlines to operate should face U.S. secondary sanctions

Study and practice of how sovereign states, international institutions, and non-state actors interact across borders. Encompasses diplomacy, negotiation, alliances, and conflict — the foundational domain through which global order is constructed, contested, and maintained.

Diplomatic, economic, and military relations between the United States and Iran, including negotiations, sanctions, and regional tensions within the wider geopolitics shaping the global order.

The U.S. Treasury sanctioned 36 targets connected to Iran's aviation sector, including 27 Iranian airlines and additional companies, intermediaries and aviation-service providers based in Turkey, the UAE, Malaysia and Kazakhstan. Washington alleges that Iranian aviation networks transport weapons, IRGC personnel and illicit cargo and obtain controlled aircraft and technology through foreign companies. The United States also suspended three aviation-related authorisations, including provisions covering overflights and certain foreign operations of U.S.-origin aircraft into Iran, as part of an effort to isolate the entire Iranian aviation sector, including Mahan Air.