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Gain-of-function (GOF) research involves experiments that enhance the biological capabilities of pathogens, such as increasing transmissibility, virulence, or host range. While this research can provide valuable insights for pandemic preparedness and vaccine development, it also carries risks of accidental release or deliberate misuse.

The U.S. paused certain GOF experiments on influenza, MERS, and SARS viruses from 2014 to 2017 to reassess biosafety and biosecurity frameworks. The debate continues over the risk-benefit balance of research that could potentially create pandemic-capable pathogens.