An analysis of 56,964 U.K. Biobank participants found that eating fewer ultra-processed foods combined with regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity cut type 2 diabetes risk by up to 70%, and halved it for those with high genetic predisposition.

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A McMaster University study published in JAMA Network Open found that women in the highest quartile of ultraprocessed food consumption had 78% higher odds of MRI-defined vascular brain injury compared to women in the lowest quartile.

A McMaster University study published in JAMA Network Open on October 15, 2026, found that middle-aged adults in the highest quartile of ultraprocessed food intake had 40% higher odds of MRI-defined covert brain infarcts or high white matter hyperintensity burden compared to those in the lowest quartile.

A McMaster University study published in JAMA Network Open found that higher ultraprocessed food intake was not significantly associated with performance on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment or the Digit Symbol Substitution Test among middle-aged adults.

A McMaster University study published in JAMA Network Open found that middle-aged adults in the highest ultraprocessed food quartile had 1.7 percentage points higher total body fat and 5.7 mL greater visceral adipose tissue volume than those in the lowest quartile.

Participants in the highest ultraprocessed food quartile consumed 41.5% of daily food servings from minimally processed whole foods compared with 68.6% among those in the lowest quartile, according to the McMaster University study.

Researchers noted that the lack of association between ultraprocessed food intake and cognitive test scores in the McMaster University study may reflect ceiling effects or high cognitive reserve in the highly educated study cohort.

In a McMaster University study of 8,783 middle-aged adults published in JAMA Network Open, overall MRI-detected silent vascular brain injury was present in 9.2% of participants, including 11.3% in the highest ultraprocessed food consumption quartile versus 8.1% in the lowest.

Exploratory sex-stratified analyses in the McMaster University study showed no statistically significant association between ultraprocessed food intake and vascular brain injury among male participants.

Participants in the McMaster University study derived an average of 42% of their total daily calories from ultraprocessed foods, with median daily consumption ranging from 3.1 servings per 2,000 kcal in the lowest quartile to 12.8 servings in the highest quartile.

The association between high ultraprocessed food consumption and vascular brain injury remained statistically significant after adjusting for total body fat percentage and visceral adipose tissue volume in the McMaster University study.

A McMaster University study published in JAMA Network Open observed that the association between higher ultraprocessed food intake and increased total body fat percentage was statistically significant among participants with a body mass index of 30 or greater, but not among those with a lower body mass index.

Each additional 5 servings of ultraprocessed foods per 2,000 kcal per day was associated with 16% higher odds of vascular brain injury and 21% higher odds of covert brain infarcts in middle-aged adults, according to a McMaster University study.

In continuous analyses from a McMaster University study, each additional 5 servings of ultraprocessed foods per 2,000 kcal per day was associated with a 0.9 percentage-point increase in total body fat percentage and 4.0 mL greater visceral adipose tissue volume.

Study authors proposed bariatric surgery serve as a first-line treatment for clinical obesity, but as a second-line risk-reduction option for preclinical obesity as pharmacotherapy expands.

Clinical obesity prevalence among metabolic bariatric surgery candidates varied across international centers, ranging from 62.7% in the Brazilian cohort to 79.3% in the United Kingdom cohort.

Mean body mass index and distribution across BMI categories (<40, 40-49, and ≥50) did not differ significantly between clinical and preclinical obesity groups within surgical centers.

Study authors noted bariatric surgery in clinical obesity may offer faster economic returns due to reduced post-operative complications, decreased medication use, and fewer hospitalizations.

Bariatric surgery patients with clinical obesity lost modestly less weight post-surgery, trailing preclinical obesity patients by 2 to 4 percentage points in several study cohorts at 12 and 24 months.

Study authors stated bariatric surgery for preclinical obesity should be evaluated as a preventive intervention with longer time horizons and distinct cost-effectiveness thresholds.

Study authors suggested health systems with limited surgical capacity prioritize metabolic bariatric surgery for patients demonstrating clinical obesity-related organ dysfunction.