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Dual-use AI refers to artificial intelligence systems that can serve both beneficial and harmful purposes, particularly in the life sciences. AI models that predict protein structures, design molecules, or analyze genomic data can accelerate drug discovery and medical research, but the same capabilities could be used to design novel biological threats or enhance pathogens.

The bioethical concerns center on governance frameworks for AI-enabled biological research, publication norms for dual-use AI findings, and the responsibilities of AI developers and researchers to prevent misuse.