If no effective treatment exists for a patient, psychological treatments such as seeing a psychiatrist should be used instead of placebos

Ethical issues in medicine and biomedical research: gene editing, reproductive technology, end-of-life care, organ markets, performance enhancement, and dual-use research.

Whistleblowing, proximity to power, government cover-ups, research funding conflicts, and race-corrected medical algorithms.

Placebo ethics, patient consent, bodily autonomy, clinical decision-making, alternative medicine, and medical professionals' duty of honesty.