A placebo's psychological effect is driven by the patient's confidence in the medical professional and their belief that they are receiving a cure

Ethical issues in medicine and biomedical research: gene editing, reproductive technology, end-of-life care, organ markets, performance enhancement, and dual-use research.

Whistleblowing, proximity to power, government cover-ups, research funding conflicts, and race-corrected medical algorithms.

Substances used for treatment, prevention, or diagnosis of disease.

Placebo ethics, patient consent, bodily autonomy, clinical decision-making, alternative medicine, and medical professionals' duty of honesty.