Pretraining of Ripple-65B Preview achieved roughly 40% model FLOPs utilization on NVIDIA hardware without custom kernels or quantization during training

A manufacturer-by-manufacturer overview of the chips, accelerators, and infrastructure powering modern AI systems.

Large language models (LLMs) are advanced AI systems trained on massive text datasets to understand, generate, and reason about human language, powering applications such as chatbots, code generation, summarization, and scientific discovery.