An analysis by the Environmental and Energy Study Institute found that a medium-sized data center can consume up to 110 million gallons of water annually for cooling.

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Thermal imaging and allegations indicate xAI operated more than 30 unpermitted gas turbines to power its Colossus supercomputer data center operations in Memphis, Tennessee, and Southaven, Mississippi.

Council Member JB Smiley Jr. sponsored the proposed 18-month Memphis data center moratorium to establish environmental and regulatory safeguards while a study committee evaluated rules.

The Memphis City Council deadlocked in a 6-6 vote on October 20, 2026, failing to pass a proposed 18-month moratorium on new data center developments and expansions.

The NAACP and the Mississippi State Conference of the NAACP filed a federal Clean Air Act lawsuit in April 2026 against xAI over unpermitted gas-fired turbines in Southaven, Mississippi.

Residents in Boxtown, a majority Black community in southwest Memphis, raised health and environmental concerns regarding toxic air emissions and noise from xAI gas-powered turbines.

A group of Mississippi residents filed a June 2026 class-action lawsuit alleging that noise from xAI power turbines eroded their health and property values.

Elon Musk's xAI merged with SpaceX, becoming known as SpaceXAI, and expanded operations with a second facility named Colossus 2 in Southaven, Mississippi.

Elon Musk's xAI converted an industrial facility in southwest Memphis in June 2024 to power its Colossus artificial intelligence supercomputer operation.

Memphis Mayor Paul Young ordered a 90-day executive review running concurrently with city council deliberations to develop policy recommendations for regulating large-scale data centers.

On October 20, 2026, the Memphis City Council voted 7-5 to pass Ordinance 5986, a substitute measure establishing data center standards and a 135-day pause on new permits.

The NAACP filed a federal Clean Air Act lawsuit against SpaceXAI over unpermitted methane gas-powered turbines operating at its data center facilities in Southaven, Mississippi.

Memphis Mayor Paul Young issued an executive order establishing a 90-day policy review to develop recommendations for regulating large and hyperscale data centers.

Memphis residents filed official noise complaints against SpaceXAI citing continuous noise pollution and physical vibrations caused by the company's data center turbines.

On October 20, 2026, the Memphis City Council rejected a proposed 18-month moratorium on new data center developments in a 6-6 tie vote.

President Donald Trump mandated on October 21, 2026 that new and large data centers must generate their own electricity and give or sell any excess power back to the local community or grid.

President Donald Trump wrote on Truth Social on October 21, 2026 that data center companies should pay financial dividends to local host communities, stating highly unpopular projects became extremely popular after striking deals.

A Gallup poll conducted in March 2026 showed that 71 percent of Americans oppose establishing artificial intelligence data centers in their local areas.

In March 2026, technology leaders signed the Ratepayer Protection Pledge, committing to provide or pay for the power generation required by their artificial intelligence data center projects.

Northeastern University political science professor Costas Panagopoulos stated that President Donald Trump's policy adjustment on data centers is too little, too late to alter 2026 midterm election outcomes.

Republican Senate candidates Ken Paxton in Texas, Mike Rogers in Michigan, and John Husted in Ohio have called for increased restrictions and oversight on data centers ahead of the midterms.