Ethereum, in a proposal aimed at GDPR compliance,as part of its technical response to GDPR, embeds protocol‑level safeguards such as zk‑proofs and cryptographic role separation to reduce legal exposure and preserve user anonymity

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Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge (zk-SNARKs) can also help improve privacy as they involve validators confirming succinct cryptographic proofs rather than viewing transaction payloads, dramatically reducing onchain data visibility.

Proposer-Builder Separation (PBS) & Attester-Proposer Separation (APS): Protocol-enforced splits concentrate data-viewing power in block builders, while proposers and attesters handle only commitments or proofs.