Vitalik Buterin identified four active research tracks: 3SF, post‑quantum signature aggregation, zero‑knowledge virtual machines, and a refactored data layer

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Buterin illustrated the effort with four research tracks already under review.
@VitalikButerin showcased lean Eth with 4 exs: - 3SF: Fast finality with minimal lines of code. - Pq signature aggregation: Robust, efficient, and future-safe. - ZK-VMs: Verifiable execution and efficient proving. - Data layer refactor: Erasure coding, pq, and blob merging.