Vitalik Buterin presented the three‑step‑finality (3SF) protocol for rapid block finality with minimal code

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The first is a three-step-finality (3SF) protocol that delivers rapid block finality in a compact codebase, while the second is aggregated post-quantum signatures.
@VitalikButerin showcased lean Eth with 4 exs: - 3SF: Fast finality with minimal lines of code. - Pq signature aggregation: Robust, efficient, and future-safe. - ZK-VMs: Verifiable execution and efficient proving. - Data layer refactor: Erasure coding, pq, and blob merging.