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A Protocol is a formal specification that governs interactions.

In coordination, protocols define how groups make decisions, resolve conflicts, or manage resources. In computing, protocols define how software components communicate: HTTP for web requests, TCP for reliable data transmission, WebSocket for real-time messaging. In networks, protocols like IP route packets across the internet.

All protocols share the same essence: they are documented, agreed-upon rules that enable predictable interaction between independent parties. Protocols reduce ambiguity by specifying formats, sequences, and error handling.

When to Use

Use Protocol when documenting:

  • Software communication standards (HTTP, TCP/IP, WebSocket, gRPC)

  • Network routing and addressing schemes (IP, BGP, DNS)

  • Cryptographic protocols for secure communication (TLS, SSH, Signal Protocol)

  • Coordination procedures for decision-making and governance

  • Standard operating procedures in any domain

  • Data exchange formats and APIs (REST, GraphQL, JSON-RPC)

  • Blockchain consensus mechanisms (Proof of Work, Proof of Stake)

  • Any formal specification for interaction between systems or people